It is possible to not get a resource if you choose map parameters that mean there isn't much of the type of terrain that resource appears on.
Coal appears on hills and jungle so if you chose a 5 billion year dry world there may not be many of either terrain type (or you just got a weird map).
I'm not sure about editing a saved game, certainly you can't do it with the normal editor.
If there is absolutely no coal then all civs are equal and it is a chance to learn to play without railroads, coal plants and ironclads.
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Never give an AI an even break.
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